AC joint arthritis and injury
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007429.pub3/abstract
Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults
Cochrane Systematic Review - Intervention Version published: 11 October 2019
Authors' conclusions
Conclusions
Evidence indicates that surgery does not provide benefits over conservative treatment.
However, improved function at six weeks was seen in non-operated patients.
The more complications in the surgery group, due to the surgical hardware or infection from the surgery.
Description
The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is the articulation between the acromion process of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle. It is one of the important functional joints that allows a full range of movement at the glenohumeral joint. A joint capsule and several ligaments hold the joint in situ, assisted by the trapezoid and conoid coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments that connect the coracoid process of the scapula to the mid/lateral clavicle.
Most injuries affecting the AC joint occur in males. The most common age group affected is those in their 20s.
Causes of shoulder pain
There are two broad causes of AC joint problems:
AC joint trauma leads to varying degrees of displacement of the distal clavicle from the local ligaments and muscles.
Osteoarthritis (OA) and/or osteolysis of the AC joint.
Acromioclavicular joint disruption
Mechanism of injury
AC joint injuries represent nearly half of all athletic shoulder injuries, often resulting from a fall on to the tip of the shoulder with the arm in adduction, or a direct blow to the acromion with the humerus adducted, as in collision in high-impact contact sports.[2] Injury may occur as a consequence of throwing sports or chronic irritation due to activities that require repetitive overhead motions, particularly weightlifting. Its aetiology is uncertain but may be due to repeated stress fractures of the lateral clavicle.
AC joint disruption (Rockwood Classification)
Type I - joint sprained without tear of either ligament.
Type II - AC ligaments torn but CC ligaments intact. Lateral end of clavicle not elevated.
Type III - AC and CC ligaments torn, >5 mm elevation of AC joint in unstressed X-ray. Take care to distinguish from type III (distal) clavicular fracture.
Type IV - lateral clavicle separated and impaled posteriorly into trapezial fascia.
Type V - complete separation of clavicle and scapula with gross upward clavicular displacement.
Type VI - as type V but with clavicle detached inferiorly and displaced behind tendons of biceps and brachioradialis.
Osteoarthritis and distal clavicular osteolysis
OA of the AC joint may occur after injury, repetitive overuse or, more rarely, as a primary phenomenon.[6]
Distal clavicular osteolysis may occur spontaneously in rheumatoid arthritis, hyperparathyroidism, myeloma, systemic sclerosis, due to infection and in those who are involved in throwing sports/extensive upper limb weight training.
Clinical symptoms and signs
See also the separate article Shoulder Examination.
AC joint disruption
There will usually be a history of relevant trauma and severe pain over the lateral shoulder.
There may be marked tenderness of the AC joint and a visible/palpable 'step' if there is clavicular separation. This is best viewed with the arm adducted across the body.
The position of the clavicle should be determined along its whole length (associated sternoclavicular abnormalities may occur as well as fracture of clavicle).
Brachial and radial pulses should be checked along with sensory and motor function in the affected arm, due to the possibility of injury to brachial plexus and axillary/subclavian vessels.
Patients may also present with acute complications of AC joint disruption. For example:
Injury to axillary/subclavian vessels
Injury to brachial plexus
Muscular avulsion, particularly deltoid and trapezius
Rarely, pneumothorax if there is associated clavicular fracture
OA and distal clavicular osteolysis
Diffuse lateral shoulder pain and/or localised AC joint pain.
May be simply an ache in the deltoid area.
Often worse at night.
Local tenderness with exacerbation on passive and active shoulder movements.
Cross-adduction (ie reach over front of opposite shoulder) often worsens pain, and further passive cross-adduction by the examiner may aggravate this.[6]
Reduced range of movement is rare unless there is a prolonged period of arthritis.
Differential diagnosis
Clavicular fracture
Shoulder (glenohumeral) dislocation
Cervical spine fracture
Bursitis (especially in cases of OA and osteolysis)
Tendonitis (especially in cases of OA and osteolysis)
Other causes of shoulder pain (see 'Causes of shoulder pain', above)
Diagnostic imaging
Plain radiographs are the initial choice.
Type I and II injuries may be differentiated using stressed radiographs where weights are hung from the patient's wrists, although many consider this technique to be unhelpful.
A Zanca view (AP view where the beam is directed at the AC joint with 10° cephalic tilt) optimises the view of the joint.
CXR and full clavicle views may be needed in some cases.
Carefully inspect the scapula to rule out associated scapular fracture.
A variety of images may be required to assess the degree of AC joint disruption.
Management
There is controversy about the efficacy of surgical reconstruction versus non-operative intervention for grade III type injuries. However grade I and II separations seem to respond favourably to conservative management. Grade IV, V, and VI separations often require surgical reconstruction.[7]
AC joint disruption
Types I and II injuries are managed conservatively with ice, a sling for 1-3 weeks and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) followed by physiotherapy to strengthen muscles and ligaments after the acute phase.
Type III injuries should be managed conservatively but carefully selected cases may benefit from surgical intervention if conservative therapy fails.[8]
Types IV to VI are nearly always treated with open reduction and internal fixation.
All acute lesions thought to be worse than type II should be referred urgently for an orthopaedic opinion.
OA/osteolysis
Activity modification, physiotherapy and NSAIDs/other analgesia.
Intra-articular corticosteroids may provide relief of symptoms for up to three months in expert hands. Currently there is no consensus in terms of dosage, and injections should be limited to fewer than four per year.[9] Duration of analgesia is very variable with ranges of two hours to three months reported.
In severe cases of OA or osteolysis, distal clavicular resection may need to be considered. This can be performed openly or arthroscopically.[10]
In OA, consider surgery for severe cases where there is failure of response to conservative management after six months; however, various factors need to be considered.[11]
Late complications
Impingement syndrome of the supraspinatus tendon, due to narrowing of the scapular outlet
OA of the AC joint.
Frozen shoulder and chronic shoulder pain/limitation of movement.[12]
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007429.pub3/abstract
Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults
Further reading & references
White B, Epstein D, Sanders S, et al; Acute acromioclavicular injuries in adults. Orthopedics. 2008 Dec;31(12). pii: orthosupersite.com/view.asp?rID=34696.
Simovitch R, Sanders B, Ozbaydar M, et al; Acromioclavicular joint injuries: diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 Apr;17(4):207-19.
Kaplan LD, Flanigan DC, Norwig J, et al; Prevalence and variance of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate football players. Am J Sports Med. 2005 Aug;33(8):1142-6. Epub 2005 Jul 7.
Buttaci CJ, Stitik TP, Yonclas PP, et al; Osteoarthritis of the acromioclavicular joint: a review of anatomy, biomechanics, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Oct;83(10):791-7.
Prybyla D et al; Acromioclavicular Joint Separations, Medscape, Feb 2012
Quillen DM, Wuchner M, Hatch RL; Acute shoulder injuries. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Nov 15;70(10):1947-54.
Cote MP, Wojcik KE, Gomlinski G, et al; Rehabilitation of acromioclavicular joint separations: operative and nonoperative considerations. Clin Sports Med. 2010 Apr;29(2):213-28, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2009.12.002.
Mignani G, Rotini R, Olmi R, et al; The surgical treatment of Rockwood grade III acromioclavicular dislocations. Chir Organi Mov. 2002 Jul-Sep;87(3):153-61.
Skedros JG, Hunt KJ, Pitts TC; Variations in corticosteroid/anesthetic injections for painful shoulder conditions: comparisons among orthopaedic surgeons, rheumatologists, and physical medicine and primary-care physicians. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Jul 6;8:63.
Rabalais RD, McCarty E; Surgical treatment of symptomatic acromioclavicular joint problems: a systematic review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Feb;455:30-7.
Docimo S Jr, Kornitsky D, Futterman B, et al; Surgical treatment for acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis: patient selection, surgical options, complications, and outcome. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2008 Jun;1(2):154-60.
Acromioclavicular Joint; Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
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